阅读理解

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies-andothercreatures-learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”;andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlyperiods,hadsomethingtododirectlywithsuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.

Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwassupplied.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstotherightortheleftifthemovement“switchedon”lights-andindeedthattheywereabletolearnquitecomplex(复杂的)turnstobringaboutthisresult,forexample,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.

Papousek'slightswereplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheycould“smileandbubble”whenthelightswereturnedon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamental(基本的)humanurge(欲望)tomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentional(有意的)control.

1．Accordingtotheauthor，babieslearntodothingswhich________．

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A．willsatisfytheircuriosity（好奇）

B．willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C．havesomethingtodowithpleasure

D．willbringthemafeelingofsuccess

2．Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy________．

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A．wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilk

B．wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilk

C．wouldturnitsheadtotherightortheleftwhenithadenoughtodrink

D．wouldcar